For example, silicon has nine possible integer oxidation states from −4 to +4, but only -4, 0 and +4 are common oxidation states.In other words, it can be expressed as the neutral atom’s An atom of Beryllium in the gas phase, for example, gives off energy when it gains an electron to form an ion of Beryllium.To use electron affinities properly, it is essential to keep track of sign.

The metal is found in the Earth’s crust in the pure, free elemental form (“native silver”), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth’s crust and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium.Scandium is a silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides.Vanadium is a hard, silvery grey, ductile, and malleable transition metal. Beryllium belongs to the alkaline … At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth’s crust.Sulfur is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic.

Tellurium is far more common in the universe as a whole than on Earth.

There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices.This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers.

The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative.
It is this repeated pattern which control properties like strength, ductility, density, conductivity (property of conducting or transmitting heat, electricity, etc. Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section in making control rods in nuclear reactors, for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications.Holmium is a part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare-earth element.

Thulium is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series.Because of its closed-shell electron configuration, its density and melting and boiling points differ significantly from those of most other lanthanides.Lutetium is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. However, more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion which overwhelms any the release of energy from the electron attachment process.
Despite its high price and rarity, thulium is used as the radiation source in portable X-ray devices. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite.Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals. Such weak intermolecular bonds give organic molecular substances, such as waxes and oils, their soft bulk character, and their low melting points (in liquids, molecules must cease most structured or oriented contact with each other).In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals.

A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel.Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.Iron is a metal in the first transition series. Thorium is moderately hard, malleable, and has a high melting point.

Like all elements with atomic number over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with charged particles.Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series.

These elements, along with the chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as the rare earth elements.Discoverer: Coster, Dirk and De Hevesy, George CharlesDiscoverer: Noddack, Walter and Berg, Otto Carl and Tacke, IdaThe actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium.Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1964)/Albert Ghiorso et. Mercury is a heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.Thallium is a soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Get … and Gay-Lussac, L.-J.Discoverer: Priestley, Joseph and Scheele, Carl WilhelmDiscoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Strutt, John (Lord Rayleigh)Discoverer: Del Rio, Andrés Manuel (1801) and Sefström, Nils Gabriel (1830)Discoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Travers, MorrisDiscoverer: Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm and Kirchhoff, Gustav RobertDiscoverer: Reich, Ferdinand and Richter, HieronymusDiscoverer: Ramsay, William and Travers, Morris WilliamLanthanoids comprise the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. Praseodymium is the third member of the lanthanide series and is traditionally considered to be one of the rare-earth metals.Neodymium is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Sodium chloride melts at  801°C. It rarely occurs in its elemental state or as pure ore compounds in the Earth’s crust.Bromine is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured gas. The forces of chemical bonding causes this repetition.

Neodymium is not found naturally in metallic form or unmixed with other lanthanides, and it is usually refined for general use. It is occasionally found in native form as elemental crystals.