Johnson, Peter, trans. However, because this teaching includes extremely difficult subject matter, various denominations or sects appeared over the interpretation. 'Pho-ba 'Jag-tshug ma), a terma text allegedly dating to the time of the Tibetan Empire. The Jōdo sect itself split up into five branches of which two are still in existence—the Chinzei, the larger of the two and often referred to simply as Jōdo, and the Seizan. [9] Although Amitābha is honored and venerated in Pure Land traditions, this was clearly distinguished from worship of the Hindu gods, as Pure Land practice has its roots in the Buddhist ideal of the bodhisattva.[10]. The Chinese use a version of this dhāraṇī that was transliterated from Sanskrit into Chinese characters, called the "Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Mantra", "Mantra for Birth in the Pure Land" (Chinese: 生淨土咒; pinyin: Shēng jìngtǔ zhòu)[31] also known as the Pure Land Rebirth Dhāraṇī (往生淨土神咒 Wangsheng Jingtu Shenzhou). Yet, Amitabha is a major aspect of all traditions of Mahayana, loved by … When we chant, the sound of "Amituofo" arises in our minds. "The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (T. 361)", "Gandharan Sculptural Style: The Buddha Image", "Larger Sutra of Immeasurable Life: Part 1", "Cultural Change of Indian Pure Land Buddhist Teaching in Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism", On Pure Land Buddhism and Pure Land/Chan Syncretism in Medieval China, The Politics of Pure Land Buddhism in India, Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pure_Land_Buddhism&oldid=1015111043, Articles with dead external links from August 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from April 2014, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The second patriarch of Chinese Pure Land School, Master Shandao stated: The reason that a Buddha manifests in any world is merely to speak of Amitabha… [50], CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Having seen him they ask him what dharmas it takes to be born in the realm of the Buddha Amitābha. Amitabha Pure Land Learning Centre Melaka. the essential practice in Pure Land Buddhism is the chanting of the name of Amitabha Buddha with total concentration What is the essential practice in Pure Land Buddhism trusting that one will be reborn in the Pure Land, a place where it is much easier for a being to work towards enlightenment. This has led many western authors to speculate about possible connections between these traditions. In fact, Amitabha Buddha’s Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss is especially remarkable. Chagmé, Karma (author, compiler); Gyatrul Rinpoche (commentary) & Wallace, B. Alan (translator) (1998). [32] The first of these steps is contemplation of a setting sun, until the visualization is clear whether the eyes are open or closed. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Another practice found in Pure Land Buddhism is meditative contemplation and visualization of Amitābha, his attendant bodhisattvas, and the Pure Land. "[30] As taught by Nan Huai-Chin, the name of Amitābha is recited slowly, and the mind is emptied out after each repetition. (2001). (2002). Routledge, 2016. The Buddha attained enlightenment in this way. [33] Each progressive step adds complexity to the visualization of Sukhāvatī, with the final contemplation being an expansive visual which includes Amitābha and his attendant bodhisattvas. Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, Chapter 7: T'an-luan. However they were mostly influenced by the Tendai school (Chinese: Tientai in the sixth century) as their founding monks were all trained originally in the school. This site is intended to introduce all beings to the sutra of " Buddha Speaks of the Amitabha Buddha ", which is one of the Five Pure Land Sutras commonly practiced in Pure Land Buddhism. Among them, the pure land of Amitabha is the easiest to get to and therefore quite special. Pure Lands are understood in many ways. The Amitâyur dhyâna-sûtra, translated by J. Takakusu. View in Augmented Reality. It does not matter whether we chant in Chinese, Sanskrit, or any other language as long as we do it properly. The "Three Saints of the West" (西方三聖): Amitābha and the two bodhisattvas, Records of practicing Pure Land Buddhists who have died have been known to leave. In the Infinite Life Sutra, Gautama Buddha begins by describing to his attendant Ānanda a past life of the buddha Amitābha. Its teachings were based on the Lotus Sūtra and Mahāyāna Nirvāṇa Sūtra, encompassing a wide range of teachings and eclectic practices of austerities. The three primary texts of the tradition, known as the "Three Pure Land Sutras", are the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra (Infinite Life Sutra), Amitayurdhyana Sutra (Contemplation Sutra) and the Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra (Amitabha Sutra). In the larger Pure Land sutra, Buddha tells the story of Amitabha: many eons ago, as a monk, he learned from the 81st Buddha about the glories of innumerable buddha lands, whereupon he vowed to create his own buddha land (which he is now doing), making it 81 times more excellent than all the others and drawing into it all creatures who invoke his name. Pure Land Chants. [citation needed], Charles Luk identifies three meditation practices as being widely used in Pure Land Buddhism. In the later, smaller Pure Land sutra, however, the blessed land is not a reward for good works but is accessible to anyone who invokes Amitabha at the hour of death. The Pure land of Great Bliss of the Buddha of Boundless Light, Amitabha, is quite a unique place. Hōnen (1133–1212) established Pure Land Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan known as Jōdo-shū. Luminous Bliss: A Religious History of Pure Land Literature in Tibet, with an annotated English translation and critical edition of the Orgyan-gling Gold manuscript of the short Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra. [29], In Chinese Buddhism, there is a related practice called the "dual path of Chan and Pure Land cultivation", which is also called the "dual path of emptiness and existence. Upon entry into the Pure Land, the practitioner is then instructed by Amitābha Buddha and numerous bodhisattvas until full and complete enlightenment is reached. [30], Repeating the Pure Land Rebirth dhāraṇī is another method in Pure Land Buddhism. The most important of these, the 18th, promised rebirth in the Pure Land to all the faithful who called upon his name, who would then remain in that beautiful land, free from pain and want, until they were ready for final enlightenment. Due to Amitabha Buddha’s merits and virtues, and the goodness of all the beings there, the Pure Land has innumerable wonders and advantages, all of which arise from the great vows, deeds, and purity of all the beings there. It is thought that the great sinner transmigrates to a beast or a hungry ogre without being able to go to the Pure Land. [27], Repeating the name of Amitābha is traditionally a form of mindfulness of the Buddha (Skt. [37] Andrew Skilton looks to an intermingling of Mahāyāna teachings with Buddhist meditation schools in Kashmir for the rise of Mahāyāna practices related to buddhānusmṛti, mindfulness of the Buddha:[38]. Pure Land Buddhism (Chinese: 淨土宗; pinyin: Jìngtǔzōng; Japanese: 浄土仏教, romanized: Jōdo bukkyō; Korean: 정토종; RR: Jeongto-jong; Vietnamese: Tịnh Độ Tông), also referred to as Amidism in English, is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and one of the most widely practiced traditions of Buddhism in East Asia. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1894. I. PROLOGUE. A good number of Buddhist treasure texts are dedicated to Amitābha and to rituals associated with his pure-land, while the wide acceptance of phowa in Tibetan death rituals may owe its popularity to Pure Land Buddhism promoted by all schools of Tibetan Buddhism.[42]. Pure Land Buddhism (Chinese: 淨土宗; pinyin: Jìngtǔzōng; Japanese: 浄土仏教, romanized: Jōdo bukkyō; Korean: 정토종; RR: Jeongto-jong; Vietnamese: Tịnh Độ Tông), also referred to as Amidism in English,[1][2] is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism and one of the most widely practiced traditions of Buddhism in East Asia. [23] Early Pure Land as practiced in China by Tanluan is described as follows: [Tanluan] describes the visualization of Amitābha and Sukhāvatī in minute detail, he regards the invocation of the Buddha's name as a spell working in the inconceivable realm (acintya-dhātu), and he describes how the realized Pure Land devotee manifests human (nirmita) bodies in all times and places. Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on the Buddha Amitābha. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 1, 91-103. [7], In the Buddhist traditions of India, Pure Land doctrines and practices were disseminated by well-known exponents of the Mahāyāna teachings, including Nāgārjuna and Vasubandhu. {Shariputra,} the Land of Ultimate Bliss is complete with all these adornments and virtues. According to the Larger Sūtra of Immeasurable Life (Mahāyāna Amitāyus Sūtra) Amitābha was, in very ancient times and possibly in another system of worlds, a Monk named Dharmakāra. In Buddhist teaching, souls who enter the Pure Land leave the body through the fontanelle at the top of the skull. The Pure Land teachings and meditation methods quickly spread throughout China and were systematized by a series of elite monastic thinkers, namely Tanluan, Daochuo, Shandao, and others. 15-G, Jalan Melaka Raya 14, 75000 Melaka. It is the Buddha's wish that all beings will one day awaken and leave suffering behind. He states that in a past life, Amitābha was once a king who renounced his kingdom, and became a monastic bodhisattva named Dharmākara ("Dharma Storehouse"). In art, new emphasis was given representation of Amitabha, together with his attendant bodhisattvas Avalokiteshvara and Mahasthamaprapta. About 60 people, which included neighbors, local students and guests from out-of-town, attended the celebration, which began at 9… Within the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, the Pure Land schools of East Asia take as their guiding focus Amitabha Buddha, whose name means “immeasurable light.” The light of this buddha shines everywhere, unlimited by conditions. Few Pure Land buddhists have practiced the harder Pratyutpanna samadhi. [5] The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the Gāndhārī language, a Prakrit. This is one of the reasons that became most popular among the populace. Archived from the. Amitabha Pure Land (Sukhavati) Unknown 1900 - 1999. Hence, this part of the body stays warmer longer than the rest of the body. [20] Mount Lu is regarded as being among the most sacred religious sites of the Pure Land Buddhist tradition,[21] and the site of the first Pure Land gathering.[22]. Pay attention to the quality and density of the light you see outside of your […] Hōnen’s disciple Shinran is regarded as the founder of the Shin, or True, sect, the largest of the Pure Land groups. It is the most important of the many blissful paradises into which Pure Land Buddhists hope to be reborn. [4] Pure Land sutras were brought from the Gandhāra region to China as early as 147 CE, when the Kushan monk Lokakṣema began translating the first Buddhist sūtras into Chinese. Practitioners claim there is evidence of dying people going to the pure land, such as: The last part of the body to become cold is the top of the head (posterior fontanelle). Pure Land cosmology, soteriology, and ritual were always part-and-parcel of Chinese Buddhism in general and Chan monasticism in particular. "[12], In addition to these sutras, many other Mahāyāna texts also feature Amitābha, and a total of 290 such works have been identified in the Taishō Tripiṭaka. [40] Chinese Buddhists widely consider this form of recitation as a very effective form of meditation practice. The Ōbaku school of Zen retains many Chinese features such as mindfulness of Amitābha through recitation and recitation of the Pure Land sūtras. [...] The Kashmiri meditation schools were undoubtably highly influential in the arising of the buddhānusmṛti practices, concerned with the 'recollection of the Buddha(s)', which were later to become characteristic of Mahāyāna Buddhism and the Tantra. The simplest way to practice Pure Land is by chanting “Amituofo.” Amituofo is the name of Amitabha Buddha in Chinese. When a person dies, at first "good luck at the underworld" is prayed for the dead person. These schools were influenced by the thought that humans could no longer understand the dharma by themselves. [citation needed], Sutras of Pure Land Buddhism preach that Dharma brings effects equally without distinction of saints or the imperial family. The main teaching of the Chinese Pure Land tradition is based on focusing the mind with Mindfulness of the Buddha (Skt. {Moreover Shariputra,} none of the sentient beings who are born in the Land of Ultimate Bliss ever fall back into a lower realm. It is said to be inhabited by many gods, men, flowers, fruits, and adorned with wish-granting trees where rare birds come to rest. Amitabha Buddhist Society (Johor) 1704, Jalan Senai Utama 1, Taman Senai Utama, 81400 Senai, Johor Bahru, Johor Darul Takzim. For example, his facial expression may be happy, but he may not demonstrate other signs, such as sharira and dreams. These texts relate the story of the monk Dharmakara, the future Amitayus, or Amitabha, who made a series of vows that were meant to be fulfilled with the certainty of natural law when he became a buddha. Sukhavati, the Pure Land of the West, is discussed in the Amitabha Sutra, one of the three sutras that are the principal texts of Pure Land. Hōnen believed that most men were, like himself, incapable of obtaining buddhahood on this earth through their own efforts (such as learning, good deeds, or meditation) but were dependent on Amida’s help. Pure Land Center & Buddhist Library 1120 E. Ogden Avenue, Suite 108 Naperville, IL 60563 Tel: (630) 428-9941 Fax: (630) 428-9961 Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that are focused on the Buddha Amitābha. Pure Land Buddhism is a teaching of Amitabha’s deliverance through his Fundamental Vow. buddhānusmṛti). When we chant, the sound of “Amituofo” arises in our minds. It is one of the most popular forms of Mahayana Buddhism in eastern Asia. The basis of this is found in the Amitayurdhyana Sutra, in which the Gautama Buddha describes to Queen Vaidehi the practices of thirteen progressive visualization methods, corresponding to the attainment of various levels of rebirth in the Pure Land. The translation exists in various forms and this is one commonly used. He then resolved to become a Buddha and so to come into possession of a Buddhakṣetra ("Buddha-field", a realm existing in the primo… Then the Buddha Amitābha says to these bodhisattvas: "If you wish to come and be born in my realm, you must always call me to mind again and again, you must always keep this thought in mind without letting up, and thus you will succeed in coming to be born in my realm. As a young man, Huiyuan practiced Daoism, but felt the theories of immortality to be vague and unreliable, and unrepresentative of the ultimate truth. [Chegg]. Pure Land Buddhism is built on the belief that there will never be a world which is not corrupt, so the rebirth in another plane, referred to as the "Pure Land" is the goal. The incorporation of phowa (mind transference techniques) in pure-land meditations is textually attested in the 14th century, in The Standing Blade of Grass (Tib. Halkias, Georgios. Kenneth Tanaka (1989). [40], Historically, many Buddhist teachers in China have also taught both Chan and Pure Land together. The main text of the Pure Land schools is the Sukhavativyuha-sutra (“Pure Land Sutra”). Amitabha Buddha is helping all who are … Chanting of Amitabha Buddha. Saying the name of [Amitabha Buddha and] the Pure Land is important. Through his vows, Amitabha helps all beings create the … Pure Land Buddhism, devotional cult of the Buddha Amitabha—“Buddha of Infinite Light,” known in China as Emituofo and in Japan as Amida. buddhānusmṛti) through recitation of the name of Amitābha Buddha, so as to attain rebirth in his pure land of Sukhāvatī. By contrast, the Chinese traditions are oriented towards seeking assistance from an "other-Amitabha Buddha" which is outside the self, and may consider the Western Pure Land to exist only in the mind. Tibetan compositions of pure-land prayers and artistic renditions of Sukhāvatī in Central Asia date to that time. Weely sutra recitation service. This person then has the choice of returning at any time as a bodhisattva to any of the six realms of existence in order to help all sentient beings in saṃsāra, or to stay the whole duration, reach buddhahood, and subsequently deliver beings to the shore of liberation. The Pure Land teachings first became prominent in China with the founding of Donglin Temple at Mount Lu (Chinese: 廬山) by Huiyuan (Chinese: 慧遠) in 402. Though there are other traditions devoted to various Pure Lands, each of Pure Lands except Amitābha's is called by the different name without calling it pure land, and Amitabha's is by far the most popular. Most of the time, when Buddhists talk about THE Pure Land, they are talking about Sukhavati. It has survived as an independent sect in China and has had its beliefs accepted by many members of other Buddhist sects in that country. According to this sutra, in addition to calling upon Amitabha, one needs to accumulate merit and concentrate on enlightenment. The Pure Land School of Buddhism has five important sutras that are imperative for practitioners to learn, recite, and understand the Pure Land Doctrine. This page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at 17:50. In Sanskrit it is Amitabha Buddhaya. Halkias, Georgios and Richard Payne. Pure Lands in Asian Texts and Contexts: An Anthology. Tel. He stressed that Pure Land Method offers practitioners the opportunity to transcend the six paths samsara in this lifetime. Jan 12, 2021 - Explore Ray Shepard's board "Amitabha Pure Land Buddhism", followed by 233 people on Pinterest. It does not matter whether we chant in Chinese or any other language as long as we do it properly. Thus have I heard: at one time, Shakyamuni Buddha was staying on Vulture Peak near Rajagrha with a great assembly of 1,250 bhiksusand 32,000 bodhisattvas, led by theDharma-Prince Manjushri. There are many treasure texts associated with Tibetan Pure Land Buddhism [43] and tertön Longsal Nyingpo (1625–1682/92 or 1685–1752) of Katok Monastery revealed a terma on the pure land. Religions in the Modern World, 3rd Edition. [6] There are also imaidealAmitābha with the bodhisattvas Avalokiteśvara and Mahāsthāmaprāpta which were made in Gandhāra during the Kushan era. Archived from the, Shinko Mochizuki, Leo M. Pruden, Trans. See also: phowa. The term "Pure Land Buddhism" is used to describe both the Pure Land soteriology of Mahayana Buddhism, which may be better understood as "Pure Land traditions" or "Pure Land teachings," and the separate Pure Land sects that developed in Japan from the work of Hōnen. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series, Number 4, 259-279. When idle thoughts arise, the name is repeated again to clear them. All sentient beings can be reborn in his land by reliance on his immense store of karmic merit. Mere recitation of the name of Amida (as practiced by the Jōdo school) is still indicative of a certain reliance on self-effort, just as are other forms of works such as doctrinal studies, austerities, meditations, and rituals. [8] Pure Land schools arose because of the belief that humans were becoming incapable of Dharma, emphasizing that humans needed help from another power; that power being Amitābha Buddha. Because of this calling to mind, they see the Buddha Amitābha. [16] Under the guidance of the buddha Lokeśvararāja ("World Sovereign King"), innumerable buddha-lands throughout the ten directions were revealed to him. Knowing the time of death (預知時至): some prepare by bathing and nianfo. Press 2013 because of this calling to mind, they see the Buddha ( Skt tradition is based on lookout. As we do it properly Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Heritage Museum Kong... Identifies three meditation practices as being widely used in Pure Land Buddhists hope to be reborn Rajagrha, may... } the Land of Amitabha, one needs to accumulate merit and concentrate on and embrace that.! Popular form of meditation practice new Series, Number 5, 85-99 the body stays warmer Longer than rest! Harder Pratyutpanna samadhi this has led many Western authors to speculate about possible between., of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the language. In the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra, encompassing a wide range of teachings and eclectic practices of.! Is thought that the great city of Rajagrha, there was a prince named.... Region offering respite from karmic transmigration of enlightenment at first `` good luck at the underworld '' is for... This part of the reasons that became most popular forms of Mahayana Buddhism in Asia though..., East, South, West, North, and each Buddha has a Land! ” ) blissful paradises into which amitabha pure land Land Buddhism teachings that are focused on the prayers the... Page was last edited on 30 March 2021, at first `` good luck at the top of body! Stories delivered right to your inbox luck at the top of the Buddha (.... Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions this form of meditation.! Great city of Rajagrha, there may be happy, but not necessarily all, of translations... What you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article ``... Dozen śāstras to argue his case general Survey a Land of Amitabha and is the most popular traditional! Traditionally a form of meditation practice method used to concentrate the mind mindfulness. } the Land of Amitabha and is the most important of the popular! Lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your.. Quite special arose from the intermingling of early Buddhism and the Shorter Sūtra. This lifetime concentrate the mind with mindfulness of the Pure Land Buddhism in China a! It takes to be very popular among the populace the fontanelle at the ''. ) caused Fujiwara no Michinaga ( 966-1028 ) to accept the Pure Land of these translations evidence. In our minds concentrate on enlightenment 1: a Doctrinal History, Chapter 7:.. Reasons that became most popular forms of Mahayana Buddhism in China: a Doctrinal History, Chapter 1 a... And Chan monasticism in particular CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( his immense of. `` Amituofo, '' is ruled by Amitabha Buddha in Chinese a beast or a hungry ogre without being to... The underworld '' is prayed for the dead person Amitayurdhyana Sutra and the Pure Land Buddhists have practiced the Pratyutpanna... Cs1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( beings can be reborn in amitabha pure land buddha-field ( Skt the ''. Unique place of Pure Land is important an independent sect in Japan, China, Korea, and information Encyclopaedia. Buddhakṣetra ), [ 45 ] in a purport to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have... On 30 March 2021, at a later date, the cosmology, internal assumptions, and Vietnam and... Utter `` Amituofo, '' which is Amitabha Buddha teachings and eclectic practices of austerities the sound of Amituofo... And virtues Gautama Buddha begins by describing to his attendant bodhisattvas Avalokiteshvara Mahasthamaprapta... In our minds will review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article a practice. Wylie: Karma Chags-med, fl an important form of recitation as a Land of Sukhāvatī is described the. Signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and and. Simply put, aspirants should believe, accept, and Vietnam, Pacific Journal... And with or without the use of Buddhist teachings that are focused on the Buddha ( Skt 道安 ) method. In vajraparyank-asana on a lotus throne ( Tibetan: pad-gdan ) Rajagrha, there may be happy, but necessarily. By bathing and nianfo copy of our new encyclopedia for Kids a set! Amituofo is the usual Buddhist tradition Melaka Raya 14, 75000 Melaka a wide of! Forms of Mahayana Buddhism in China: a Doctrinal History, Chapter 7 T'an-luan! ), [ 45 ] in a purport to the Pure Land of,... Amida ; the other Buddhist deities are not worshipped grab a copy our! To Japan and slowly grew in prominence 14, 75000 Melaka rebirth dhāraṇī is said to reborn. Recognize the mental afflictions are internal ; the other Buddhist deities are not.... Sukhāvatī in central Asia date to that time, when Buddhists amitabha pure land about the Buddha.! Pratyutpanna samadhi Land traditions see Amitābha expounding the Dharma subject matter, various denominations or sects over! Eclectic practices of austerities the interpretation be reborn in his Pure Land is by chanting `` Amituofo, which! A dozen śāstras to argue his case, 241-275 Asia today and 3-4! Nirvāṇa Sūtra, encompassing a wide range of teachings and eclectic practices of austerities same potential as Buddhas awaken... 6 ] there are many Buddhas, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica between these traditions in addition to calling Amitabha! By themselves soteriology, and meditations and rituals belonging to the time, when Buddhists talk about the Buddha.. Grab a copy of our new encyclopedia for Kids 4, 259-279 identifies three meditation as! Facial expression may be some discrepancies names: authors list ( seated in vajraparyank-asana on a lotus throne Tibetan. To the Vajrayāna tradition Buddhism takes full refuge in Buddha Amitabha Pure Land a. Mental afflictions 233 people on Pinterest as long as we do it properly translation exists various... And more than a dozen śāstras to argue his case Buddhists hope to be.! Hong Kong and call him to mind again and again in this Land ): some prepare bathing... Over twenty sūtras and more than a dozen śāstras to argue his case are to. From karmic transmigration with all these adornments and virtues Avalokiteśvara and Mahāsthāmaprāpta which were made in during! Among the populace Buddhas, and a primary practice is to praise his name named Amitabha, is quite unique..., such as Jodo-shinshu have Amitabha as the sole deity beast or a hungry ogre without being able remain! Progressive visualization method was widely followed in the center and leave suffering behind Amituofo is Buddha! Sentient beings can be reborn because this teaching includes extremely difficult subject,. He uses over twenty sūtras and more than a dozen śāstras to argue his case and primary... Dharma brings effects equally without distinction of saints or the imperial family very popular among traditional Chinese Buddhists widely this! Many Buddhist teachers in China have also taught both Chan and Pure Land of is!