last days of mussolini

125. Last Days of Mussolini (Italian: Mussolini: Ultimo atto) is a 1974 Italian historical drama film co-written and directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. In Audisio's account, Mussolini said nothing immediately prior to or during the execution. He would deserve to be killed like a mangy dog.[17]. Only 4 left in stock (more on the way). In 1940, Mussolini took his country into World War II on the side of Nazi Germany but soon was met with military failure. Mussolini flees, pursued by his lover Claretta Petacci, and manages to get to the northern village of Dongo. I said I could not shoot Petacci, so John said he would shoot her himself, while making it quite clear that Mussolini however, had to be killed by an Italian. [19] Longo asked another partisan, Aldo Lampredi, to go as well because, according to Lampredi, Longo thought Audisio was "impudent, too inflexible and rash". Love music, movies, TV & tech? Mussolini accepts without objection, always hoping for a revolt of his loyal fascists, but they are in jeopardy. [42][43] Allied forces began arriving in the city during the course of the morning and an American eyewitness described the crowd as "sinister, depraved, out of control". In fact, he first set out to be a teacher but soon decided that career wasn’t for him. [42][43][44] This mode of hanging had been used in northern Italy since medieval times to stress the "infamy" of the hanged. Told with quotes from the movie and – with the exception of a machine gun spitting bullets – freeze frame stills only bled through with a specific and very effective dissolve (imagine a burning paper dissolve but neater). Last Days of Mussolini (Italian: Mussolini: Ultimo atto) is a 1974 Italian historical drama film co-written and directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. April, 1945: With the Third Reich losing ground in the final months of World War II and the Allies pressing towards Italy, Fascist dictator Mussolini (Steiger) flees the wrath of his own people and heads for Switzerland with his mistress, Clara Petacci (WILD, WILD PLANET's Lisa Gastoni). Biography, Drama, History. The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. [62], They took them out of the house and, at the corner of a nearby lane they were stood against a fence and shot. His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo-fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo-fascist rallies. On April 21, Bologna was captured by the Allied troops and the Fascist chief Arpinati was slain. Fearing that Mussolini and Petacci might be rescued by fascist supporters, the partisans drove them, in the middle of the night, to a nearby farm of a peasant family named De Maria; they believed this would be a safe place to hold them. In April 1945, with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities, Mussolini's situation became untenable. Others have claimed that Mussolini (or Mussolini and Petacci together) committed suicide with cyanide capsules. [62], The theory has been criticised for lacking any serious evidence, particularly on the existence of the correspondence with Churchill. Media in category "Mussolini ultimo atto" The following 3 files are in this category, out of 3 total. In the post-war years, the "official" version of Mussolini's death has been questioned in Italy (but, generally, not internationally) in a way that has drawn comparison with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories. [12] In Dongo, Mussolini was reunited with Petacci, who had requested to join him, at about 2:30 a.m. on 28 April. The generally accepted version of events is that Mussolini was shot by Walter Audisio, a communist partisan who used the nom de guerreof "Colonel Valerio". This article related to an Italian film of the 1970s is a stub. The film depicts the downfall of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.[1]. According to the latter, when he met Audisio in Dongo, Audisio asked for a list of the fascist prisoners that had been captured the previous day and marked Mussolini's and Petacci's names for execution. [9] With the CLNAI's assumption of control in Milan and the German army in northern Italy about to surrender, Mussolini fled the city on 25 April and attempted to escape north to Switzerland.[9][10]. Duce!” Directed by. [52] This remained the position until May 1957, when the newly appointed Prime Minister, Adone Zoli, agreed to Mussolini's re-interment at his place of birth in Predappio in Romagna. £12.65. I read utter exhaustion, but not fear ... Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will, spiritually dead. See. Audisio himself did not speak publicly about it until he published his account in a series of five articles in L'Unità later that month (and repeated in a book that Audisio later wrote which was published in 1975, two years after his death). Then on April 20, 1945, he disbanded his government offices. [47] Samples of Mussolini's brain were taken and sent to America for analysis. In 1994 Bruno Lonati, a former partisan leader, published a book in which he claimed that he had shot Mussolini and he was accompanied on his mission by a British army officer called "John", who shot Petacci. Allegedly, it was part of a "cover up" to retrieve "secret agreements" and compromising correspondence between the two men, which Mussolini was carrying when he was captured by partisans. S eventy years ago on this day, April 28, 1945, the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini was executed after a failed attempt to flee Italy with his mistress. Rather than Fascism, it’s probably better to think of Italy in those days as being under the rule of mussolinismo: “Mussolini-ism.” Whatever you call him, Mussolini cut an incredible public figure in the 1930’s: strutting on the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia in comic opera style in front of 100,000s of people chanting “Duce! The event usually attracts supporters in the thousands and includes speeches, songs and people giving the fascist salute. Journalists, politicians and historians, doubting the veracity of Audisio's account, have put forward a wide variety of theories and speculation as to how Mussolini died and who was responsible. [53], The re-interment in the Mussolini family crypt in Predappio was carried out on 1 September 1957, with supporters present giving the fascist salute. 4.0 out of 5 stars 48. Audisio said he read out a sentence of death, whereas Lampredi omitted this. [49], After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery, to the north of the city. [10][1] At least 12 different individuals have been identified at various times as being responsible for carrying out the shooting. Why buy with musicMagpie? He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly. Palmiro Togliatti, the Secretary-General of the Communist Party, claimed that he had ordered Mussolini's execution prior to his capture. In front of the tomb is a register for visitors paying their respects to sign. On 25 April he fled Milan, where he had been based, and tried to escape to the Swiss border. After a lengthy legal process, an investigating judge eventually closed the case in 1967 and acquitted Audisio of murder and embezzlement on the ground that the actions complained of occurred as an act of war against the Germans and the fascists during a period of enemy occupation. Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce Ray Moseley. [19], Although several conflicting versions and theories of how Mussolini and Petacci died were put forward after the war, the account of Walter Audisio, or at least its essential components, remains the most credible and is sometimes referred to in Italy as the "official" version. Even before he leaves the city, the exchanges with Cardinal Schuster are complex political negotiations as the door is opened for Mussolini to turn himself in to one of the organisations willing to give him safe haven in … There he clashes with the Germans, who order him to disguise himself as an officer of Germany rather than be captured by the partisans. A fascinating and exceptionally well acted bio-pic, The Last Days Of Mussolini really gives Rod Steiger a chance to show us what he's made of. He's amazing in the lead role and equally great supporting performances from Nero and Fonda really help the movie along. [53], The anniversary of Mussolini's death on 28 April has become one of three dates neo-fascist supporters mark with major rallies. In 1945, Benito Mussolini goes to Milan to talk with Archbishop Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster to request his help in escaping from Italy. The documentary went on to claim that the later shootings at the Villa Belmonte were subsequently staged as part of the "cover up". [18], A senior communist in Milan, Luigi Longo, said that the order came from the General Command of the partisan military units "in application of a CLNAI decision". In 1945, the dictator of fascist Italy and Hitler's close ally Benito Mussolini faces defeat. This generally accepted version is often termed the "official version", nevertheless. No autopsy was carried out on Petacci. Adolf Hitler's 'last bodyguard' reveals what happened in Nazi leader’s final minutes in the Berlin bunker. Lampredi said that Mussolini's last words were "aim at my heart". He also came from Predappio and knew Mussolini's widow, Rachele, well. According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place.[34]. We want this, even though we think an execution platoon is too much of an honour for this man. Upload subtitles. Movie footage of what happened appears to confirm that to be the case. You’re in the right place! However, since the end of the war, the circumstances of Mussolini's death, and the identity of his killer, have been subje… The calibres of the bullets were not identified. On the morning of April 29, 1945, a yellow truck stopped in Milan’s Loreto Square, and the bodies of Mussolini, his girlfriend and 16 people were thrown into damp stones in the square. They were apprehended near the village of Dongo. 14 Day Money Back Guarantee. His body remained a potent symbol after his death, causing it to be either revered by supporters or treated with contempt and disrespect by opponents, and assuming a broader political significance. Lampredi was undoubtedly an eyewitness and, because he prepared his narrative for the private records of the Communist Party – and not for publication – it was perceived that he had no motivation other than to tell the truth. Born July 29, 1883 in Dovia di Predappio, he was intelligent and inquisitive from an early age. [61][68] Commenting on the RAI television documentary in 2004, Christopher Woods, researcher for the official history of the SOE, dismissed these claims saying that "it's just love of conspiracy-making". [12] Lazzaro later said that: His face was like wax and his stare glassy, but somehow blind. [12], The partisans arrested Mussolini and took him to Dongo, where he spent part of the night in the local barracks. [27], Audisio was first named in a series of articles in the newspaper Il Tempo in March 1947 and the Communist Party subsequently confirmed Audisio's involvement. Capture and Execution of Mussolini Mussolini spent his last 7 days in power in Milan, which was the site of his rise to power. The numbers signing the tomb's register range from dozens to hundreds per day, with thousands signing on certain anniversaries; almost all the comments left are supportive of Mussolini. Lonati was interviewed for the documentary and claimed that when he arrived at the farmhouse: Petacci was sitting on the bed and Mussolini was standing. This film shows the dictator in his last days, troubled, even conscience-ridden, but still the unmistakably arrogant figure of days gone by. By the autumn of 1943, he was reduced to being the leader of a German puppet state in northern and central Italy and was faced with the Allied advance from the south and an increasingly violent internal conflict with the partisans. Catalogue Number EKA40299. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}45°58′53″N 9°12′13″E / 45.98126°N 9.2035°E / 45.98126; 9.2035 The film depicts the downfall of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini . On 27 April 1945, Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci, together with other fascist leaders, were travelling in a German convoy near the village of Dongo on the north western shore of Lake Como. She also said that she herself had heard the shots and that she "looked at the clock, it was almost 11". In a desperate attempt to avoid capture, he tries to flee the country with his lover Claretta Petacci, but Italian partisans are on their tail. [20][21][22], It was largely confirmed by an account provided by Aldo Lampredi[23] and the "classical" narrative of the story was set out in books written in the 1960s by Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro, and the journalist Franco Bandini. Four months later it was recovered by the authorities who then kept it hidden for the next eleven years. Last Days of Mussolini (Italian: Mussolini: Ultimo atto) is a 1974 Italian historical drama film co-written and directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. [15], Fighting was still going on in the area around Dongo. Soon after Hitler received Mussolini's letter, he responded by asking for a detailed list of the materials that Italy would need in order to take the initiative in a major military conflict in Europe. The corpses were pelted with vegetables, spat at, urinated on, shot at and kicked; Mussolini's face was disfigured by beatings. He and his mistress, Claretta Petacci, were captured on 27 April by local partisans near the village of Dongo on Lake Como. Some writers believe that Mussolini's death was part of a British special forces operation, with the supposed aim of retrieving compromising "secret agreements" and correspondence with Winston Churchill that Mussolini had allegedly been carrying when he was captured. … On the same day as Mussolini left Milan, the CNLAI declared: The members of the fascist government and those fascist leaders who are guilty of having suppressed constitutional guarantees, destroyed the people's freedoms, created the fascist regime, compromised and betrayed the country, bringing it to the current catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death.[11]. According to Longo, he did so with the words "go and shoot him". [38][39], In the evening of 28 April, the bodies of Mussolini, Petacci, and the other executed fascists were loaded onto a van and trucked south to Milan. The documentary included an interview with Dorina Mazzola who said that her mother had seen the shooting. [61][62] Proponents of this theory have included historians such as Renzo De Felice[63] and Pierre Milza[64] and journalists including Peter Tompkins[62] and Luciano Garibaldi (it);[65] however, the theory has been dismissed by many.[61][62][63]. [46], On 30 April, an autopsy was carried out on Mussolini at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Milan. Aside from Mussolini and Petacci, sixteen of the most prominent of them would be summarily shot in Dongo the following day and a further ten would be killed over two successive nights. It was very barbarous. [25][27], In the afternoon, he, with other partisans, including Aldo Lampredi and Michele Moretti, drove to the De Maria family's farmhouse to collect Mussolini and Petacci. [40][41] The choice of location was deliberate. However, to reflect this lack of governmental or judicial authority, sources on the subject have used the term with quotation marks. [38] Eventually, in August, the body (with a leg missing) was tracked down to the Certosa di Pavia, a monastery not far from Milan. Publicité | By July 1943, the Allied invasion of Sicily and bombing of Rome caused the Italian high command and King Victor Emmanuel III to remove Mussolini from power and place him under house arrest. Fifteen partisans had been shot there in August 1944 in retaliation for partisan attacks and Allied bombing raids, and their bodies had then been left on public display. The whereabouts of the body was kept a secret, even from Mussolini's family. [1], Until 1947, Audisio's involvement was kept a secret, and in the earliest descriptions of the events (in a series of articles in the Communist Party newspaper L'Unità in late 1945) the person who carried out the shootings was only referred to as "Colonnello Valerio". They were then hung upside down from a metal girder above a service station on the square. After Lampredi's account was published, most, but not all, commentators were convinced of its veracity. Bellini delle Stelle said he challenged Audisio as to why Petacci should be executed. [24], Before long, it was noted that there were discrepancies between Audisio's original story published in L'Unità, subsequent versions that he provided and the versions of events provided by others. [6], From mid-April Mussolini based himself in Milan, and he and his government took up residence in the city's Prefecture. Initially, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but, in 1946, his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters. At least twelve different individuals have, at various times, been claimed to be the killer. There were no objections to any of the proposed executions. [5], Slowly fighting their way up the Italian peninsula, the Allies took Rome and then Florence in the summer of 1944 and later that year they began advancing into northern Italy. Mussolini: A New Life Nicholas … With George C. Scott, David Suchet, Spencer Chandler, Lee Grant. FREE, Fast, Contact-Free Delivery on ALL Orders. However, the "official" explanation, with Audisio as Mussolini's executioner, remains the most credible narrative. Mussolini had been Italy's fascist leader since 1922, first as prime minister and, following his seizure of dictatorial powers in 1925, with the title Il Duce. [45], At about 2:00 p.m., the American military authorities, who had arrived in the city, ordered that the bodies be taken down and delivered to the city morgue for autopsies to be carried out. Rochus Misch, who died aged 96 in 2013, says he walked in on Eva Braun in 'flimsy nighty' [24] Although each of these accounts vary in detail, they are consistent on the main facts. Eventually, in 1957, his remains were allowed to be interred in the Mussolini family crypt in his home town of Predappio (Emilia-Romagna). Last Days Of Mussolini's trailer is definitely one of the more stylish I've come across. The tomb has become a neo-fascist place of pilgrimage. Duce's staff and friends tried to persuade Duce to flee to Spain but he refused to leave his country. [10], In any event, Longo instructed a communist partisan of the General Command, Walter Audisio, to go immediately to Dongo to carry out the order. Rod Steiger plays Mussolini, held captive by the rapidly retreating German troops but still not safe from Italian vendettas. [56] The discrepancies and obvious exaggerations, coupled with the belief that the Communist Party had selected him to claim responsibility for their own political purposes, led some in Italy to believe that his story was wholly or largely untrue. Mussolini’s last days and stories of death at the hands of enemies 75 years ago. After the war the family of Claretta Petacci began civil and criminal court cases against Walter Audisio for her unlawful killing. [13][14] In all, over fifty fascist leaders and their families were found in the convoy and arrested by the partisans. It is said that the correspondence included offers from Churchill of peace and territorial concessions in exchange for Mussolini persuading Hitler to join the western Allies in an alliance against the Soviet Union. Most, but not fear... Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will, dead. Longo, he did so with the account given by others involved including! 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