It needs to be said that nearly all of the anti-Shakespeare sentiment - actually all of it, every bit - involves manipulative scholarship or sweeping misstatements of fact. [75], Literary scholars employ the same methodology to attribute works to the poet and playwright William Shakespeare as they use for other writers of the period: the historical record and stylistic studies,[76] and they say the argument that there is no evidence of Shakespeare's authorship is a form of fallacious logic known as argumentum ex silentio, or argument from silence, since it takes the absence of evidence to be evidence of absence. [140] His reputation was that of a good playwright and poet among many others of his era. Shakespeare authorship question From AN ESSAY The frontispiece of the First Folio (1623), the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. Elizabethan Era, The Black Plague, William Shakespeare, The Globe Theatre, Oxfordians vs. Stratfordians, and Romeo and Juliet. It is recognized by Oxfordians and Stratfordians alike that writing about royal courts, Italy and… The society still survives and publishes a journal, Baconiana, to further its mission. He was (indeed) honest, and of an open, and free nature; had an excellent fancy; brave notions, and gentle expressions ..."[107], In addition to Ben Jonson, other playwrights wrote about Shakespeare, including some who sold plays to Shakespeare's company. The Authorship Debate between Oxfordians and Stratfordians May 19, 2016. Elizabethan Era, The Black Plague, William Shakespeare, The Globe Theatre, Oxfordians vs. Stratfordians, and Romeo and Juliet November 25, 2019 [132] The tests determined that Shakespeare's work shows consistent, countable, profile-fitting patterns, suggesting that he was a single individual, not a committee, and that he used fewer relative clauses and more hyphens, feminine endings, and run-on lines than most of the writers with whom he was compared. [144], By the beginning of the 19th century, adulation was in full swing, with Shakespeare singled out as a transcendent genius, a phenomenon for which George Bernard Shaw coined the term "bardolatry" in 1901. By 1884 the question had produced more than 250 books, and Smith asserted that the war against the Shakespeare hegemony had almost been won by the Baconians after a 30-year battle. Who did the Stratfordians believe wrote Shakespeare? His dredging machinery failed to retrieve any concealed manuscripts. Four years later Dr. Robert W. Jameson anonymously published "Who Wrote Shakespeare?" He argued that Fabyan's advocacy of Bacon threatened the profits expected from a forthcoming film about Shakespeare. His classical allusions instead rely on the Elizabethan grammar school curriculum. [139], Despite adulatory tributes attached to his works, Shakespeare was not considered the world's greatest writer in the century and a half following his death. Teie valitud riik jätab teile otsuse, kuhu ja kuidas välismaal õppima ja me oleme isegi mures selle pärast, et millised programmid, mida me tahame registreerida, on meile kättesaadavad.. on loetletud allpool täielikult rahastatud stipendiumid 2021 magistrantidele, bakalaureuseõppe lõpetanutele ja doktorikraadile. After the actor David Garrick mounted the Shakespeare Stratford Jubileein 1769, Shakespeare led … [189] Six years earlier Brooks had dismissed Shakespeare as the playwright by proposing that his role in the deception was to act as an Elizabethan "play broker", brokering the plays and poems on behalf of his various principals, the real authors. [71] The publication of the image failed to achieve its intended effect, and in 2005 Oxfordian Richard Kennedy proposed that the monument was originally built to honour John Shakespeare, William's father, who by tradition was a "considerable dealer in wool". Promoted the arts, loved the arts, and encouraged learning: The dates of the English Renaissance and the Elizabethan Era. They interpret contemporary satirical characters as broad hints indicating that the London theatrical world knew Shakespeare was a front for an anonymous author. The result determined that none of the other tested claimants' work could have been written by Shakespeare, nor could Shakespeare have been written by them, eliminating all of the claimants whose known works have survived—including Oxford, Bacon, and Marlowe—as the true authors of the Shakespeare canon. [204], Ogburn believed that academics were best challenged by recourse to law, and on 25 September 1987 three justices of the Supreme Court of the United States convened a one-day moot court at the Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church, to hear the Oxfordian case. The Shakespeare authorship question is the argument that someone other than William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon wrote the works attributed to him. [12] Those Shakespeare scholars who have responded to such claims hold that biographical interpretations of literature are unreliable in attributing authorship,[13] and that the convergence of documentary evidence used to support Shakespeare's authorship—title pages, testimony by other contemporary poets and historians, and official records—is the same used for all other authorial attributions of his era. [157] Ten years later, Judge Nathaniel Holmes of Kentucky published the 600-page The Authorship of Shakespeare supporting Smith's theory,[158] and the idea began to spread widely. [268], Derby travelled in continental Europe in 1582, visiting France and possibly Navarre. [192], To revive interest in Oxford, in 1952 Dorothy and Charlton Ogburn Sr. published the 1,300-page This Star of England,[193] now regarded as a classic Oxfordian text. [124] It has been suggested that most of Shakespeare's classical allusions were drawn from Thomas Cooper's Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae (1565), since a number of errors in that work are replicated in several of Shakespeare's plays,[125] and a copy of this book had been bequeathed to Stratford Grammar School by John Bretchgirdle for "the common use of scholars". They display a comprehensive knowledge of law, medicine, astronomy, music, of Italian and French customs and topography, a love of the English language and an eagerness to improve the human condition through wisdom and learning. Oxfordians claim that these scholars are blinded to the evidence by a vested self-interest in preserving the authorship of "the Stratford Man," and some more extreme Oxfordians claim that there is an active conspiracy among orthodox scholars to suppress pro-Oxford evidence and keep it from the attention of the general public. Oxfordians, in general, agree with scholarly tradition that The Tempest was probably Shake-speare's final play--and many concur with the German Stratfordian critic Karl Elze that "all external arguments and indications are in favor of [the play being written in] the year 1604." Anti-Stratfordians often portray the town as a cultural backwater lacking the environment necessary to nurture a genius, and depict Shakespeare as ignorant and illiterate. Anti-Stratfordians vs. Stratfordians. This became known as the "Prince Tudor theory", which postulates that the Queen's illicit offspring and his father's authorship of the Shakespeare canon were covered up as an Elizabethan state secret. [35], Little is known of Shakespeare's personal life, and some anti-Stratfordians take this as circumstantial evidence against his authorship. [116] Both had died four years earlier, less than two months apart. The most prolific debate today is between the Stratfordians, or those who claim Shakespeare to be the true author, and the Oxfordians, those who claim Edward DeVere, Earl of Oxford, to be the true author. In 1989 the Public Broadcasting Service television show Frontline broadcast "The Shakespeare Mystery", exposing the interpretation of Oxford-as-Shakespeare to more than 3.5 million viewers in the US alone. [1] Although the idea has attracted much public interest,[2][a] all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, and for the most part acknowledge it only to rebut or disparage the claims. [146] Since what was known about his life seemed to reveal Shakespeare as an untutored rustic,[147] uneasiness began to emerge over the dissonance between Shakespeare's reputation and his biography. Stratfordians believe Shakespeare's appearance on the same list proves Oxford and Shakespeare were different writers. He became an actor and shareholder in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), the playing company that owned the Globe Theatre, the Blackfriars Theatre, and exclusive rights to produce Shakespeare's plays from 1594 to 1642. in The National Review, like Zeigler, Mendenhall and Watterson proposing that Marlowe wrote the works of Shakespeare, and arguing in particular that the Sonnets were an autobiographical account of his survival. [102] Brooke included a sketch of the Shakespeare arms, captioned "Shakespear ye Player by Garter". And as much evidence as the Oxfordians has, the Stratfordians (those who believe that Shakespeare was the writer) have an equally impressive bulk of evidence against Oxford's authorship. [19][28][29], At the core of the argument is the nature of acceptable evidence used to attribute works to their authors. adjective. On the other hand, I have seen some Stratfordians engage seriously in answering the arguments Oxfordians list as evidence for the correctness of their point of view, explaining why and how the arguments fail, only to be met with ad hominem attacks on their open-mindedness and a refusal to debate the matter further (take a look at the comments in the linked post). [242], Since the early 1920s, the leading alternative authorship candidate has been Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford and Lord Great Chamberlain of England. [41] Anti-Stratfordians consider these marks and the rudimentary signature style evidence of illiteracy, and consider Shakespeare's plays, which "depict women across the social spectrum composing, reading, or delivering letters," evidence that the author came from a more educated background. Oxfordians support the idea of a conspiracy of silence over the authorship of The Bard's plays, whereas supporters of the mainstream view, or 'Stratfordians', often see this as little more than paranoia. [191] Copious archival research had failed to confirm Oxford or anyone else as the true author, and publishers lost interest in books advancing the same theories based on alleged circumstantial evidence. Anti-Stratfordians have cast suspicion on these bequests, which were interlined, and claim that they were added later as part of a conspiracy. PBS, Frontline, 1989. the second parte of the history of kinge henry the iiijth with the humors of Sr John ffalstaff, "To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare and What He Hath Left Us", "Upon the Lines and Life of the Famous Scenic Poet, Master William Shakespeare", "To the Memory of the Deceased Author, Master W. Shakespeare", alternative chronologies proposed by Oxfordians, History of the Shakespeare authorship question, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church, "Declaration of Reasonable Doubt About the Identity of William Shakespeare", List of Shakespeare authorship candidates, Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship, Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship, Derbyite theory of Shakespeare authorship, "Justice Stevens's Dissenting Shakespeare Theory", "The great Shakespeare authorship question", "Gender, Writing, Technologies, and Early Modern Epistolary", "Oxford by the Numbers: What Are the Odds That the Earl of Oxford Could Have Written Shakespeare's Poems and Plays? [221] Since then, Paul Edmondson and Stanley Wells have written a short e-book, Shakespeare Bites Back (2011),[222] and edited a longer book of essays by prominent academic Shakespeareans, Shakespeare Beyond Doubt (2013), in which Edmondson says that they had "decided to lead the Shakespeare Authorship Campaign because we thought more questions would be asked by our visitors and students because of Anonymous, because we saw, and continue to see, something very wrong with the way doubts about Shakespeare's authorship are being given academic credibility by the Universities of Concordia and Brunel, and because we felt that merely ignoring the anti-Shakespearians was inappropriate at a time when their popular voice was likely to be gaining more ground". xij d[90]. 1601). [263] His candidacy was revived by Calvin Hoffman in 1955 and, according to Shapiro, a recent surge in interest in the Marlowe case "may be a sign that the dominance of the Oxfordian camp may not extend much longer than the Baconian one". Shake-speare gentleman". While information about some aspects of Shakespeare's life is sketchy, this is true of many other playwrights of the time. His only attributed verse consists of seven metrical psalters, following Sternhold and Hopkins. [177] Rutland's candidacy enjoyed a brief flowering, supported by a number of other authors over the next few years. [87] This honorific was conventionally designated by the title "Master" or its abbreviations "Mr." or "M." prefixed to the name[74] (though it was often used by principal citizens and to imply respect to men of stature in the community without designating exact social status). Die Kritiker sind nicht davon überzeugt, dass der im ländlichen Gebiet aufgewachsene William Shakespeare die nötige Bildung besaß, um die Theaterstücke und Gedichte zu schreiben. [134] In addition, after the King's Men began using the Blackfriars Theatre for performances in 1609, Shakespeare's plays were written to accommodate a smaller stage with more music, dancing, and more evenly divided acts to allow for trimming the candles used for stage lighting. To bridge the evidentiary gap, both Oxfordians and Baconians began to argue that hidden clues and allusions in the Shakespeare canon had been placed there by their candidate for the benefit of future researchers. [70] In an attempt to put to rest such speculation, in 1924 M. H. Spielmann published a painting of the monument that had been executed before the 1748 restoration, which showed it very similar to its present-day appearance. [21], The arguments presented by anti-Stratfordians share several characteristics. But we Oxfordians willy nilly have also created and are gripped by a legend, an author, a wild and hyperbolic author, Whitman’s ‘wolfish earl’, https://www.bartleby.com/229/5005.html The poet and dramatist Christopher Marlowe was born into the same social class as Shakespeare—his father was a cobbler, Shakespeare's a glove-maker. Given the issue’s importance in the Oxfordian argument, the documentary’s neglect to explore it more thoroughly was an egregious omission. Fairly new to that question I have already come to believe that the Oxfordians make a most compelling case. Designed by GonThemes. The school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar, the classics, and rhetoric at no cost. This is known as "Stigma of Penmanship. The Scottish poet William Drummond recorded Jonson's often contentious comments about his contemporaries: Jonson criticised Shakespeare as lacking "arte" and for mistakenly giving Bohemia a coast in The Winter's Tale. In 1959 the American Bar Association Journal published a series of articles and letters on the authorship controversy, later anthologised as Shakespeare Cross-Examination (1961). Aristocrats such as Derby and Oxford supposedly used pseudonyms because of a prevailing "stigma of print", a social convention that putatively restricted their literary works to private and courtly audiences—as opposed to commercial endeavours—at the risk of social disgrace if violated. The first two Latin lines translate to "In judgment a Pylian, in genius a Socrates, in art a Maro, the earth covers him, the people mourn him, Olympus possesses him", referring to Nestor, Socrates, Virgil, and Mount Olympus. Gaps in the record are explained by the low survival rate for documents of this period. [264], William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, was first proposed as a candidate in 1891 by James Greenstreet, a British archivist, and later supported by Abel Lefranc and others. [43] Some find that the works show little sympathy for upwardly mobile types such as John Shakespeare and his son, and that the author portrays individual commoners comically, as objects of ridicule. [74], Shakespeare scholars see no reason to suspect that the name was a pseudonym or that the actor was a front for the author: contemporary records identify Shakespeare as the writer, other playwrights such as Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe came from similar backgrounds, and no contemporary is known to have expressed doubts about Shakespeare's authorship. Stratfordians- A person who,in the controversy over who wrote William Shakespeare's plays holds that it was shakespeare himself. “Ovid, the love of Shakespeare’s life among Latin poets, made an overwhelming impression upon him, which he … Bacon's candidacy relies upon historical and literary conjectures, as well as alleged cryptographic evidence. They say that his moral philosophy, including a revolutionary politico-philosophic system of government, was concealed in the Shakespeare plays because of its threat to the monarchy. Previous Post Othello Exam Questions. [215], In 2010 James S. Shapiro surveyed the authorship question in Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? . In the rigid social structure of Elizabethan England, William Shakespeare was entitled to use the honorific "gentleman" after his father's death in 1601, since his father was granted a coat of arms in 1596. My professor of Jacobean plays was a diehard Stratfordian who ridiculed me. This lack of documentation is taken by many anti-Stratfordians as evidence that Shakespeare had little or no education. Stratfordians (the vast majority of at least the vociferous critics) laugh at, scoff at, and more usually abuse, those that proffer their reasons that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, or Francis Bacon, or Christopher Marlowe or others was in fact the “one true author of Shakespeare’s writing”. [171][172] Maria Bauer was convinced that Bacon's manuscripts had been imported into Jamestown, Virginia, in 1653, and could be found in the Bruton Vault at Williamsburg. [113] Sir William Dugdale also included the inscription in his Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656), but the engraving was done from a sketch made in 1634 and, like other portrayals of monuments in his work, is not accurate. [254] Consequently, they date most of the plays earlier than the standard chronology and say that the plays which show evidence of revision and collaboration were left unfinished by Oxford and completed by other playwrights after his death.[255]. The upper figure, from Marvin Spevack, is true only if all word forms (. The earliest printed image of the figure, in Sir William Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickshire (1656), differs greatly from its present appearance. [67], Any public mourning of Shakespeare's death went unrecorded, and no eulogies or poems memorialising his death were published until seven years later as part of the front matter in the First Folio of his plays. [163] She believed she had deciphered instructions in Bacon's letters to look beneath Shakespeare's Stratford gravestone for papers that would prove the works were Bacon's, but after spending several nights in the chancel trying to summon the requisite courage, she left without prising up the stone slab. [184] Two years later Looney and Greenwood founded the Shakespeare Fellowship, an international organisation to promote discussion and debate on the authorship question, which later changed its mission to propagate the Oxfordian theory. Austin, Al, and Judy Woodruff. [152], As early as 1845, Ohio-born Delia Bacon had theorised that the plays attributed to Shakespeare were actually written by a group under the leadership of Sir Francis Bacon, with Walter Raleigh as the main writer. The study disproved all claims that the works contain ciphers, and was condensed and published as The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (1957). [72], Nearly all academic Shakespeareans believe that the author referred to as "Shakespeare" was the same William Shakespeare who was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and who died there in 1616. [186] In 1932 Allardyce Nicoll announced the discovery of a manuscript that appeared to establish James Wilmot as the earliest proponent of Bacon's authorship,[187] but recent investigations have identified the manuscript as a forgery probably designed to revive Baconian theory in the face of Oxford's ascendancy. [24], Most anti-Stratfordians suggest that the Shakespeare canon exhibits broad learning, knowledge of foreign languages and geography, and familiarity with Elizabethan and Jacobean court and politics; therefore, no one but a highly educated individual or court insider could have written it. The first name may be a reference to Oliver Pigge, a Puritan minister about whom a song was licensed in 1584.28 Oxfordians and Stratfordians agree that “Mar-text” is an allusion to the Martin Mar-prelate controversy – a series of pamphlets “promoting the Puritan cause and attacking the Episcopacy, signed Martin Marprelate”– which began in late 1588 and reached its height a few months later. [173] In 1938 Roderick Eagle was allowed to open the tomb of Edmund Spenser to search for proof that Bacon was Shakespeare, but found only some old bones. This poem circulated very widely in manuscript and survives today in more than two dozen contemporary copies; several of these have a fuller, variant title "On Mr. William Shakespeare, he died in April 1616", which unambiguously specifies that the reference is to Shakespeare of Stratford. [27] Some prominent public figures, including Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Helen Keller, Henry James, Sigmund Freud, John Paul Stevens, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Charlie Chaplin, have found the arguments against Shakespeare's authorship persuasive, and their endorsements are an important element in many anti-Stratfordian arguments. The theory that the works of Shakespeare were in fact written by someone other than William Shakespeare dates back to the mid-nineteenth century. [229], The leading candidate of the 19th century was one of the great intellectual figures of Jacobean England, Sir Francis Bacon, a lawyer, philosopher, essayist and scientist. [261], Marlowe's candidacy was initially suggested in 1892 by T. W. White, who argued that Marlowe was one of a group of writers responsible for the plays, the others being Shakespeare, Greene, Peele, Daniel, Nashe and Lodge. An extract from the book 40 Strange Groups which is currently on sale for $0.99 The Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship holds that Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, wrote the plays and poems traditionally attributed to William Shakespeare. [218], In September 2011, Anonymous, a feature film based on the "Prince Tudor" variant of the Oxfordian theory, written by John Orloff and directed by Roland Emmerich, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival. [141] Beaumont and Fletcher's plays dominated popular taste after the theatres reopened in the Restoration Era in 1660, with Ben Jonson's and Shakespeare's plays vying for second place. [36] Further, the lack of biographical information has sometimes been taken as an indication of an organised attempt by government officials to expunge all traces of Shakespeare, including perhaps his school records, to conceal the true author's identity. The monument was not only referred to in the First Folio, but other early 17th-century records identify it as being a memorial to Shakespeare and transcribe the inscription. Before he takes his final bow, Prospero makes one last plea to his eternal audience. [262] He was first proposed as the sole author of Shakespeare's "stronger plays" in 1895 by Wilbur G. Two years later, the American humorist Mark Twain publicly revealed his long-held anti-Stratfordian belief in Is Shakespeare Dead? [155], Francis Bacon was the first single alternative author proposed in print, by William Henry Smith, in a pamphlet published in September 1856 (Was Lord Bacon the Author of Shakspeare's Plays? [165] In his multi-volume Sir Francis Bacon's Cipher Story (1893), he claimed to have discovered Bacon's autobiography embedded in Shakespeare's plays, including the revelation that Bacon was the secret son of Queen Elizabeth, thus providing more motivation to conceal his authorship from the public. For example, in The Two Noble Kinsmen (1612–1613), written with John Fletcher, Shakespeare has two characters meet and leaves them on stage at the end of one scene, yet Fletcher has them act as if they were meeting for the first time in the following scene. [37][38], Shakespeare was born, brought up, and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he maintained a household throughout the duration of his career in London. Log in Sign up. [160], These arguments against Shakespeare's authorship were answered by academics. 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