eleanor of aquitaine

165-168 52.Ibid. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke of Aquitaine and count of Poitiers, who possessed one of the largest domains in France—larger, in fact, than those held by the French king. After seven years of marriage Eleanor had yet to conceive, having had an earlier miscarriage. E leanor of Aquitaine was a rare individual indeed. He fled to Paris. (5) Her father, William X, was just as complex and colorful as his father, however known also for aggressiveness. News reached them during the betrothal banquet that Louis' father, king Louis VI had died a week earlier. (67) On December 1199, Eleanor headed to Spain to choose the best bride among her granddaughters for king Phillip's son. Eleanor frequently administered justice in his absence, "arbitrating in disputes over land and feudal dues, and presiding over law courts. She played a key role in Richard the Lionheart’s reign. The remnants of the army- guided by the experienced Knights Templars- reached Attalia by early January. pg. Arthur learned she had stopped in the town of Mirebeau. Eleanor was attracted to Henry and some kind of surreptitious arrangement with Henry must have been reached. Eleanor favored her uncle's plan and angrily opposed her husband. Kelly's narrative is comparable to Owen's more recent work in its focus on the individual, but is limited in its appeal to the scholar or student due to its narrative format, though the … pg. In 1173, three sons of King … On December 29, 1170 the most horrific crime against Christiandom was committed in the name of Henry II when four of his magnates (not knights as some believed) hacked Thomas Becket to death in the cathedral of Canterbury. (36) While in Poitou Eleanor began to secretly plot against Henry making sure that the lords of Aquitaine and Poitou's first loyalty was to her and not to the king. As a child, Eleanor was raised with her younger sister by her father, since her mother had died, along with her younger brother William, the heir to Aquitaine. pgs. Learn about current events in   historical perspective on our Origins site. Helpful. (68) She chose the youngest granddaughter, named Blanca, over her older siblings on the account that her name sounded better on French ears than that of Urraca, the other candidate. Even the pope crossed the Alps into France to bless the crusading force. On July 1202, Eleanor received news that Arthur would be invading Poitou and that she was the main price. Her semi-imprisonment in England ended only with the death of Henry II in 1189. “She was beautiful and just, imposing and modest, humble and elegant”; and, as the nuns of Fontevrault wrote in their necrology, a queen “who surpassed almost all the queens of the world.”. A few days later she returned home, stopping briefly in Rome during the coronation of the new pope, an old friend. pg. John managed to escape and with some Welsh mercenaries took Windsor. She gained respect for Aristotelian logic, and enjoyed her husband's dissertations which he arranged in the palace gardens. According to feudal customs, Eleanor then regained possession of Aquitaine, and two months later she married the grandson of Henry I of England, Henry Plantagenet, count of Anjou and duke of Normandy. Her marriage to Louis was growing more stressed, despite interventions by the pope Eugenius and the abbot Suger, regent of France during the absence of the royal couple. "Eleanor of Aquitaine" pg 222 66.Ibid. Eleanor of Aquitaine also upset Pope Innocent II when she and her husband supported her sixteen-year-old sister, Petronilla, when she embarked on an affair with Count Raoul of Vermandois. Eleanor had only two daughters by Louis VII, but to her new husband she bore five sons and three daughters. All the gates to the town were closed except one, left open in order for the besiegers to receive supplies. pg. On advice from the regent in Paris, Louis decided to deal with Eleanor back in France. By this marriage she hoped to ensure peace between the Plantagenets of England and the Capetian kings of France. The royal marriage didn’t last much longer, its tensions furthered by … (56) By December, the ransom money was finally collected and immediately turned into silver. Her childbearing years were over and her marriage to Henry began to decline. (44) On his deathbed, young Henry pleaded to his father for Eleanor's release. Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 – 1204) married Prince Louis of France, later Louis VII of France (1120 – 1180), on July 25, 1137. Eleanor was born in 1122 CE to William X, Duke of Aquitaine (l. 1099-1137 CE) and Aenor de Chatellerault (l. 1103-1130 CE). He remained loyal for the rest of Richard's reign. She was born in 1122 on Bordeaux in the country of Aquitaine,(1) having for a father the future duke of Aquitaine, William X, and her mother Aenor of Chatellerault. She died in 1204 at the monastery at Fontevrault, Anjou, where she had retired after the campaign at Mirebeau. In the spring of 1172, while Eleanor looked on, 15-year-old Richard was installed as Duke of Aquitaine. She tried unsuccessfully to get the pope to intervene, but the eighty-year old pope, Celestine III, was too timid to respond. (63) The following year her worse fear materialized. Eleanor was queen consort to Louis VII (1137–52) of France and Henry II of England (1152–1204). 58 25. (16) By October 4 they reached the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Eleanor of Aquitaine defied the conventions of her time as a Queen of both England and France who wielded immense political influence over the kingdoms of men. They learned from each other. 114 38.Ibid. pg. (8) On July 25, 1137 the couple was married in Bordeaux. 21 10.Ibid. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings. (22) Soon after Easter 1149, the royal couple left the holy land sailing in separate ships. Eleanor and her deputies raised taxes and emptied church coffers in an effort to come to the amount. (41) Henry's fury at Eleanor's treason knew no bounds. pgs. This, and her known age of 82 at her death, make 1122 more likely the year of birth. (24) On August 1151, Geoffrey Plantaganet and his son, Henry, arrived in Paris where, after some negotiations, Henry paid homage for the duchy of Normandy. pg. (55) Originally, far less money was raised and several more levies were issued. Her purpose: to ensure loyalty to her and John. (14) Unknown to them, events in the Middle East would take them on a journey that forever changed their lives. With her father’s death in 1137, Eleanor instantly entered the bewildering life of a … Assets of brains and enterprise served her well in the chaos of the time; unrelenting hostilities between Plantagenets and Capets, crusades and struggle between church and state. (60) Once on the continent, Eleanor retired to the abbey of Fontevrault, where she had spent countless peaceful moments in the past. Bad weather and effective attacks by the Turks decimated the crusaders. Eleanor of Aquitaine was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe, extremely active in politics as wife and mother of various kings. She went as far as to propose a divorce. A piece of the bolt remained after the operation and gangrene quickly set in. Not an easy task considering that William Longchamp, the chancellor, was creating many enemies among the magnates, John was campaigning all over England as Richard's successor claiming that Richard will never return and finally Phillip, king of France, who returned early from the crusades on the excuse of being ill and who immediately began laying siege to Richard's lands in the continent. (27) Henry had inherited Maine, Anjou and Touraine and his chance of taking England were very good. 197 62.Ibid. Phillip invited John to France, with the intention of preparing him for the throne by offering him all the Plantaganet lands in the continent as well as his half sister for a wife. During Richard’s absence, she succeeded in keeping his kingdom intact and in thwarting the intrigues of his brother John Lackland and Philip II Augustus, king of France, against him. pages 79-80 27. pg. Eleanor of Aquitaine retired, became a nun (just to check another box off her “life achievements” list), and died at the monastery in Fontevrault in 1204. She called herself Alia-Anor. Eleanor convinced Richard to go through this meaningless ceremony and finally on February 4, 1194 Richard was set free. "Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings" pg 387. The daughter of William X of Aquitaine and Aénor of Châtellerault, Eleanor grew up surrounded by wealth and culture. (49) She was now sixty-seven, a very old woman for her times, but one who kept well. For Eleanor's ambition, the worse news came from France when it was learned that Louis' third wife finally gave him a male heir on August 22, 1165, the future king Phillip II Augustus, who one day would destroy the Angevin Empire of Henry II. After their return to France and a short-lived reconciliation, their marriage was annulled in March 1152. pg. 107 35.Ibid. Throughout she showed herself clear-headed and firm, indeed dictatorial." Around 1144 she finally gave birth to a girl named Marie who one day would become the countess of Champagne. She was Abducted. "Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings" pages. On June 11, 1147 Louis and Eleanor, together with an army, left Saint-Denis and trekked through Bavaria, Hungary and into the Balkans. Her formal education included Latin as well as Provencal, the language of Aquitaine. pg. Her total freedom was not granted, but slowly she was allowed more and more access to the outside world, including a visit to Windsor to celebrate Christmas with king Henry and their sons, Richard and John. 2 people found this helpful. 152 50.Ibid. 51 21.Ibid. Updates? Since Eleanor, 11 years her husband’s senior, had long resented his infidelities, the revolt may have been instigated by her; in any case, she gave her sons considerable military support. On April 6, 1199 Richard died in the arms of Eleanor. In her youth, Eleanor was widely regarded as beautiful and was considered capricious and frivolous. (52) She surrounded herself with able advisors such as Hubert Walter, who later became justiciar, and the archdeacon of Bath, Peter of Blois. Civ 6 Eleanor of Aquitaine Agenda and Ability Eleanor’s Leader Ability. (28) On January 1153 Henry sailed for England. pg 13 3.Ibid. pg. pg 15 4. They equipped her to advance civility in a ruthless era by promoting the songs of troubadours and the ideals … 1950. pg. The Earl was stabbed in the back and his nephew William came to his rescue. She was instrumental in turning the court of Poitiers, then frequented by the most famous troubadours of the time, into a centre of poetry and a model of courtly life and manners. Due to pressures from the German princes, whom Richard had befriended, Henry decided to go with the original agreement only if Richard accepted to become his vassal. Arthur's sister was also captured and sent to England where she was imprisoned in several castles until her death forty years later. pg. The city was in the early stages of a gothic revival that would establish her as one of the most celebrated capitals in western Christendom. "Eleanor of Aquitaine" pg. pg. Then Arthur disappeared. Aénor of Châtellerault, duchess of Aquitaine (Châtellerault, Vienne, France, c. 1103, – March 1130 in Talmont) was the mother of Eleanor of Aquitaine, arguably the most powerful woman in Europe of her generation. 253 72.Ibid. She consented and arrived in Castille in the middle of January 1200. As she matured, she became known for her tenacity and political wisdom. Henry’s sons, urged on by their mother and by a coalition of his enemies, raised a rebellion throughout his domains in 1173. On February 1173 father and son met as the young Henry demanded England, Normandy or Anjou for himself. pg 17 7.Ibid. Cambridge, Mass. John’s only victories on the Continent, therefore, were due to Eleanor. She successfully bargained for time as two messengers slipped out, one headed to John, the other to the seneschal of Anjou, William of Les Roches. (29) A year later, on December 19, 1154 Henry and Eleanor were crowned king and queen of England by the archbishop of Canterbury. (47) Her imprisonment thus ended. 189 60.Ibid. (37) For his part, Henry's actions did not garner him too many friends. pg. 254 73. (15) Eleanor and her companions, servants and troubadours, proved too much of a distraction for the troops, and raised eyebrows with some of the chroniclers and clerics. The sons were William, who died at the age of three; Henry; Richard, the Lionheart; Geoffrey, duke of Brittany; and John, surnamed Lackland until, having outlived all his brothers, he inherited, in 1199, the crown of England. pg. They traveled down the Rhine, Richard making allies as he went. Author of, Eleanor of Aquitaine marrying Louis VII in 1137 (left scene) and Louis VII departing on the Second Crusade (1147), drawing from. pages. 45 18.Ibid. Keeper, Joan of Arc Centre, Orléans, France. The plot was doomed. Eleanor of Aquitaine’s was hardly a rags-to-riches story. Later that year she married and soon became queen of France. She also had failed to give the king a male heir. pg. pg. (70) Slowly, all of Normandy was lost to king John, culminating in 1204 as the entire Norman heritage left by William the Conqueror was lost. pages 174-176 55. From 1147 to 1149 Eleanor accompanied Louis on the Second Crusade to protect the fragile Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, founded after the First Crusade only 50 years before, from Turkish assault. pgs. 223 67.Ibid. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! (59) Through the influence of Eleanor, Richard forgave John and most of his lost lands restored. As wife of Louis VII, she ruled France, only to divorce her husband and marry Henry of Anjou, who would later make her queen of England.Marriage may have gotten her into positions of power, but what Eleanor did with that power was her own special gift. pg. 3.0 out of 5 stars Ehh it grew on me..somewhat. William was eventually subdued and Eleanor ransomed him. He shared some of her pleasures such as hunting and tournaments, as well as her love for poetry. (40) With the help of king Louis young Henry raised an army and throughout 1173 Henry II faced rebellion in all his possessions except Normandy. pg. The Sicilian navy re-captured her ship and she went to Palermo to recuperate. William became Marshall of England and the greatest knight of his age. "Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings" pages 336-337 64.Ibid. Marriage to Henry II and administration of England, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eleanor-of-Aquitaine, Heritage History - Biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine, British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Eleanor of Aquitaine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard I, and Henry II. Rebel barons ambushed the queen and her protector, Patrick- Earl of Salisbury. She moved to Paris, an unimpressive city at this time with its still standing Roman ruins. On her release, Eleanor played a greater political role than ever before. pg. She has been misjudged by many French historians who have noted only her youthful frivolity, ignoring the tenacity, political wisdom, and energy that characterized the years of her maturity. Throughout her childhood, she received above-average education, even for the standards of wealthy males. 152 49.Ibid. He quarreled often with the church and his vassals. Her father was William, 10th Duke of Aquitaine. No other medieval woman has commanded such enduring interest and numerous biographies have been written about her. 1978. pg 13 2.Ibid. pg. In March 1173, aggrieved at his lack of power and egged on by his father's enemies, the younger Henry launched the failed Revolt of 1173-1174. (46) In June 1189, after an exhausting war against his son Richard and the king of France Henry II fell ill and died, fulfilling Eleanor's revenge. (65) In supporting John, Eleanor kept control over Aquitaine and Poitou and could exhort influence over John, whereas with Arthur she would loose all her power to Arthur's mother, Constance. Coronation procession of Richard I in 1189. Her father was very wealthy, and Eleanor, as a result, had a broad and cultured education. Certainly, her fame exceeded even that of her mother-in-law, Empress Matilda, and Eleanor became a legend in her own lifetime. . She was born in 1122 on Bordeaux in the country of Aquitaine,(1) having for a father the future duke of Aquitaine, William X, and her mother Aenor of Chatellerault. (3) Her personality, as … Eleanor of Aquitaine was born in 1122. She was a wife, mother and a fierce leader in an era when women were regarded as little more than chattels. Her first marriage was annulled. (73), Notes: 1. Eleanor was to accompanied the precious cargo to her son (57) The Emperor of Germany, Henry, vacillated on the agreement because Phillip and John both offered 100,000 marks to the Emperor if he kept Richard imprisoned a little longer, time to portioned his lands between them. Eleanor of Aquitaine Biography . A few months later his wife gave birth to a son whom she named Arthur. (39) The revolt took place in 1173 and was led by Henry's eldest son also named Henry. Lack of cooperation…. Eleanor of Aquitaine. A beautiful and vivacious girl, she was the most eligible heiress in Europe, and ultimately married Louis VII, the king of France. She spent a few months imprisoned in one of the towers of Henry's castle at Chinon in Touraine. Eleanor would well have deserved to be named the “grandmother of Europe.”. Constance, with the help of king Phillip of France, invaded Normandy, but Eleanor, on a grand tour of her lands, secured it all for John with the help of mercenaries. In 1199 Richard died without leaving an heir to the throne, and John was crowned king. 52 22.Ibid. In Eleanor’s time, Aquitaine was a vast territory stretching from the Loire down to the south coast, and was the richest and largest province of France; by comparison the ‘domaine royal’ consisted only of the area around Paris, Bourges and Sens. Around Christmas of the same year Henry was proclaimed heir to the English throne after waging successful campaigns and gaining support from many English lords. After his death she had no choice but to turn to Louis VI, king of France. The couple traveled together holding court in the cities and towns of the duchy. Eleanor of Aquitaine was born in 1122 at Bordeaux, the birthplace of European troubadours (medieval lyric poets) and the literature of courtly love. New York. (12). (34) Part of the downturn centered on Henry's sexual lust and especially his long affair with Rosemond Clifford. (2) In Aquitaine women had liberties rarely found elsewhere in Europe and they mixed freely with men. The nuns of the monastery where she lived her final years wrote in their necrology a queen “who surpassed almost all the queens of the world.”. During her childbearing years, she participated actively in the administration of the realm and even more actively in the management of her own domains. King John promised not to put his captives to death. pg. pg. On December 24, 1144 Edessa fell to the Saracens and pope Eugenius III preached support for a second crusade. In the same year she helped to defend Anjou and Aquitaine against her grandson Arthur of Brittany, thus securing John’s French possessions. pages. Her children would one day show the world where they came from as two of her daughters became queens and three of the sons kings. In 1202 John was again in her debt for holding Mirebeau against Arthur, until John, coming to her relief, was able to take him prisoner. Even before her son’s coronation as King of … Born 1122. Beautiful, capricious, and adored by Louis, Eleanor exerted considerable influence over him, often goading him into undertaking perilous ventures. ("Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings" by Amy Kelly. Henry II began to suspect a conspiracy but his suspiciousness did not rise until the young Henry escaped one night towards England with the idea to raise it. The Byzantines, who were at war with Sicily, captured Eleanor's ship. pg. (62) In 1198, one of Eleanor's grandson's, Otto, was elected emperor of Germany and ruled as Otto IV of Brunswick. (58) On May 12, 1994 both Richard and Eleanor left England for Normandy. pg. (43), Three years later, on June 1183, her son Henry and heir to the throne of England contracted dysentery and died. 52 23.Ibid. She held out with a few troops in the town's citadel. pgs 35-36 14.Ibid. pg. In July 1199 she performed a very distasteful task, paying homage to king Phillip for her lands (Poitou and Aquitaine), effectively blocking Arthur's claim to them, all in accordance to feudal law. According to John of Salisbury , Raoul "was always dominated by lust" and decided to divorce his wife, who was the sister of Count Theobald of Champagne . pgs 27-29 12.Ibid. (20) On the night of his departure, royal troops broke into the queen's quarters and carried her to the port. Two years later, on December 24, 1167 Eleanor gave birth to the future king John; it was her last childbirth. The real reasons were the absence of a male heir; their incompatibilities and finally the enormous influence St. Bernard held on king Louis and his desire to remove Eleanor from the king's side. (9) She probably had blond hair and blue eyes, which at this time were considered marks of extraordinary good looks. Lasting impression on the night of his adoring mother which she intended to rule with her son became IX! Richard was crowned king of … Eleanor of Aquitaine- the queen 's quarters and carried her the... By getting back Aquitaine, one of the realm and ruled through the new justiciar, Walter of Contances 3! Could find, her long lost uncle Raymond of Poitiers travel to Aquitaine where she gave her duchy her... Annulled in March 1152 's sister was also captured and sent to England and. 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