In the United States transplant eligibility is not determined by a strict age cut‐off, and many patients enrolled in the melphalan‐based clinical trials would be considered candidates for ASCT.Therapy with VRd has shown a survival benefit compared with Rd, and is the preferred choice for initial therapy in patients who are not candidates for ASCT (Table Note, DRd has been recently approved for patients with newly diagnosed myeloma, based on the results of an international multicenter randomized trial.Melphalan‐based regimens are considered only if there are problems with access to lenalidomide.

Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial (CIAM) protocolStandard chemotherapy compared with high‐dose chemoradiotherapy for multiple myeloma: final results of phase III US Intergroup Trial S9321Single versus double autologous stem‐cell transplantation for multiple myelomaProspective, randomized study of single compared with double autologous stem‐cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Bologna 96 clinical studySingle versus tandem high dose therapy (HDT) supported with autologous blood stem cell (ABSC) transplantation using unselected or CD34‐enriched ABSC: results of a two by two designed randomized trial in 230 young patients with multiple myeloma (MM)Single vs. tandem autolgous transplantation in multiple myeloma: the GMMG experienceDouble autologous stem cell transplantation significantly prolongs progression‐free survival and overall survival in comparison with single autotransplantation in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: an analysis of phase 3 EMN02/HO95 studyAutologous transplantation, consolidation, and maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: results of the BMT CTN 0702 trialAutologous haemopoietic stem‐cell transplantation followed by allogeneic or autologous haemopoietic stem‐cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma (BMT CTN 0102): a phase 3 biological assignment trialA comparison of allografting with autografting for newly diagnosed myelomaReduced‐intensity allogeneic transplantation for myeloma: reality bitesLenalidomide maintenance after stem‐cell transplantation for multiple myelomaLenalidomide after stem‐cell transplantation for multiple myelomaAutologous transplantation and maintenance therapy in multiple myelomaBortezomib induction and maintenance treatment in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: results of the randomized phase III HOVON‐65/ GMMG‐HD4 trialContinuous lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed multiple myelomaLenalidomide and dexamethasone in transplant‐ineligible patients with myelomaLenalidomide (LEN) maintenance (MNTC) after high‐dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) in multiple myeloma (MM): a meta‐analysis (MA) of overall survival (OS)Lenalidomide maintenance versus observation for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (Myeloma XI): a multicentre, open‐label, randomised, phase 3 trialConsolidation and maintenance therapy with lenalidomide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (RVD) in high‐risk myeloma patientsOral ixazomib maintenance following autologous stem cell transplantation (TOURMALINE‐MM3): a double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled phase 3 trialClinical course of patients with relapsed multiple myelomaRisk of progression and survival in multiple myeloma relapsing after therapy with IMiDs and bortezomib: a multicenter international myeloma working group studyImprovement in overall survival with carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myelomaPomalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone versus high‐dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM‐003): a randomised, open‐label, phase 3 trialCarfilzomib and dexamethasone versus bortezomib and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): a randomised, phase 3, open‐label, multicentre studyCarfilzomib or bortezomib in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (ENDEAVOR): an interim overall survival analysis of an open‐label, randomised, phase 3 trialVTD combination therapy with bortezomib‐thalidomide‐dexamethasone is highly effective in advanced and refractory multiple myelomaMulticenter, phase I, dose‐escalation trial of lenalidomide plus bortezomib for relapsed and relapsed/refractory multiple myelomaPomalidomide (CC4047) plus low‐dose dexamethasone as therapy for relapsed multiple myelomaPomalidomide (CC4047) plus low dose dexamethasone (Pom/dex) is active and well tolerated in lenalidomide refractory multiple myeloma (MM)Pomalidomide plus low‐dose dexamethasone in myeloma refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide: comparison of 2 dosing strategies in dual‐refractory diseaseOnce‐weekly carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and low‐dose dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory myeloma: a phase I/II studySafety and tolerability of ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma: an open‐label phase 1/2 studyRandomized phase III study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bortezomib compared with bortezomib alone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: combination therapy improves time to progressionSmall‐molecule inhibition of proteasome and aggresome function induces synergistic antitumor activity in multiple myelomaPhase Ib study of panobinostat and bortezomib in relapsed or relapsed and refractory multiple myelomaBendamustine, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (BRd) has high activity as 2Phase II study of bendamustine, bortezomib and dexamethasone as second‐line treatment for elderly patients with multiple myeloma: the Intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 2009‐01 trialEfficacy of venetoclax as targeted therapy for relapsed/refractory t(11;14) multiple myelomaSurrogate endpoints in randomised controlled trials: a reality checkAnti‐BCMA CAR T‐cell therapy bb2121 in relapsed or refractory multiple myelomaBelantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM‐2): a two‐arm, randomised, open‐label, phase 2 studyRisk stratification of smoldering multiple myeloma incorporating revised IMWG diagnostic criteriaInitial versus deferred melphalan‐prednisone therapy for asymptomatic multiple myeloma stage I–a randomized study.