For instance, they identify Shakespeare with the literary thief Poet-Ape in Ben Jonson's poem of the same name, the socially ambitious fool Sogliardo in Jonson's Every Man Out of His Humour, and the foolish poetry-lover Gullio in the university play The Return from Parnassus (performed c. The most significant concerns for authors are with “dilution” and “tarnishment”. His late plays, such as The Winter's Tale, The Tempest, and Henry VIII, are written in a style similar to that of other Jacobean playwrights and radically different from that of his Elizabethan-era plays. To bridge the evidentiary gap, both Oxfordians and Baconians began to argue that hidden clues and allusions in the Shakespeare canon had been placed there by their candidate for the benefit of future researchers. Is there anyway that I can get them to remove my files? Because proprietary authorship, and with it the very notion of intellectual property, is a more recent notion than private property, a question naturally arises over the possibility of justifying intellectual property with traditional arguments for private property. He pioneered the use of blank verse in Elizabethan drama, and his works are widely accepted as having greatly influenced those of Shakespeare. [45] Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era and there are no documents detailing what was taught at the Stratford school. In order for a proposed amendment to become part of the Constitution, approval by three-quarters of the states is required. Assuming that the responsible authors can be identified, an open question still remains in how they should be penalized. [174], By the end of the 19th century other candidates had begun to receive attention. [239] This sparked a cipher craze, and probative cryptograms were identified in the works by Ignatius Donnelly,[240] Orville Ward Owen, Elizabeth Wells Gallup,[241] and Dr. Isaac Hull Platt. Some theories of development argue that changes ar… Alleged Parallels between the Plays and Oxford's Life [156] The following year Delia Bacon published a book outlining her theory: The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded. On 22 April 2007, The New York Times published a survey of 265 American Shakespeare professors on the Shakespeare authorship question. In a fiction work, your characters are three-dimensional and may live in the same world we inhabit, with all of the brands and trademarks we’re familiar with. The 25-member jury, which included Henry George, Edmund Gosse, and Henry Irving, came down heavily in favour of William Shakespeare. Two years later, the American humorist Mark Twain publicly revealed his long-held anti-Stratfordian belief in Is Shakespeare Dead? Dr. Orville Ward Owen constructed a "cipher wheel", a 1,000-foot strip of canvas on which he had pasted the works of Shakespeare and other writers and mounted on two parallel wheels so he could quickly collate pages with key words as he turned them for decryption. Almost uniquely among his peers, Shakespeare's plays include references to grammar school texts and pedagogy, together with caricatures of schoolmasters. [155], Francis Bacon was the first single alternative author proposed in print, by William Henry Smith, in a pamphlet published in September 1856 (Was Lord Bacon the Author of Shakspeare's Plays? Far too big for me to go into here, even if I knew what I was […], […] There might be a “self” in “self-publishing” but that is definitely no reason to go it alone. [135], In a 2004 study, Dean Keith Simonton examined the correlation between the thematic content of Shakespeare's plays and the political context in which they would have been written. [95], After Shakespeare's death, Ben Jonson explicitly identified William Shakespeare, gentleman, as the author in the title of his eulogy, "To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare and What He Hath Left Us", published in the First Folio (1623). "The Shakespeare authorship question refers to ongoing debate about whether the works traditionally attributed to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon were actually composed by another writer or group of writers." The language of the will is mundane and unpoetic and makes no mention of personal papers, books, poems, or the 18 plays that remained unpublished at the time of his death. He thought this society was still active, and that its members communicated with each under the aegis of the Church of England. [22] They attempt to disqualify William Shakespeare as the author and usually offer supporting arguments for a substitute candidate. [102] Brooke included a sketch of the Shakespeare arms, captioned "Shakespear ye Player by Garter". Human beings have been socially‘networked’ in one manner or another for as long as we havebeen on the planet, and we have historically availed ourselves ofmany successive techniques and instruments for facilitating andmaintaining such networks. The Ogburns found many parallels between Oxford's life and the works, particularly in Hamlet, which they characterised as "straight biography". Anti-Stratfordians have cast suspicion on these bequests, which were interlined, and claim that they were added later as part of a conspiracy. [167], In 1907, Owen claimed he had decoded instructions revealing that a box containing proof of Bacon's authorship had been buried in the River Wye near Chepstow Castle on the Duke of Beaufort's property. [136] When backdated two years, the mainstream chronologies yield substantial correlations between the two, whereas the alternative chronologies proposed by Oxfordians display no relationship regardless of the time lag. Some of the other major ethical questions surrounding the spill involve moral and legal obligations we might have to wildlife and the environment. [88] The title was included in many contemporary references to Shakespeare, including official and literary records, and identifies William Shakespeare of Stratford as the same William Shakespeare designated as the author. However, the will was proved in the Prerogative Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Abbot) in London on 22 June 1616, and the original was copied into the court register with the bequests intact.[115]. [72], Nearly all academic Shakespeareans believe that the author referred to as "Shakespeare" was the same William Shakespeare who was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 and who died there in 1616. You may have a question around recent education trends, current issues or new methodologies in education. You can also tap resources like Writer.ly, a clearinghouse for freelance publishing assistance. Since you may not have the counsel of a publisher, you’ll need to read up on this concept and determine if your use would fit the guidelines. [132] The tests determined that Shakespeare's work shows consistent, countable, profile-fitting patterns, suggesting that he was a single individual, not a committee, and that he used fewer relative clauses and more hyphens, feminine endings, and run-on lines than most of the writers with whom he was compared. Playwright. Oxford agrees to Elizabeth's demand that he remain anonymous as part of a bargain for saving their son from execution as a traitor for supporting the Essex Rebellion against her. [175] He was followed by Thomas Corwin Mendenhall who, in the February 1902 issue of Current Literature, wrote an article based upon his stylometric work titled "Did Marlowe write Shakespeare? An answer to the research question should be important or valuable enough to justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others. [82] Several contemporaries corroborate the identity of the playwright as an actor,[83] and explicit contemporary documentary evidence attests that the Stratford citizen was also an actor under his own name. Then what? [171][172] Maria Bauer was convinced that Bacon's manuscripts had been imported into Jamestown, Virginia, in 1653, and could be found in the Bruton Vault at Williamsburg. Basic copyright law says that if you create it then you own it. Ignatius Donnelly was one of the plaintiffs, while F. J. Furnivall formed part of the defence. Xerox has been mounting a fight for decades to prevent all photocopying from being referred to as “xeroxing”, as has Kimberly-Clark been concerned with all facial tissues being generically referred to as “Kleenex”. It attributed the works of Shakespeare to "a little clique of disappointed and defeated politicians" led by Sir Walter Raleigh which included Sir Francis Bacon and perhaps Edmund Spenser, Lord Buckhurst, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. The school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar, the classics, and rhetoric at no cost. [33] Scholars say all these converge to confirm William Shakespeare's authorship. Disclosure: This article and any associated comments are for informational purposes only and should not be considered legal advice. [26] No personal letters or literary manuscripts certainly written by Shakespeare of Stratford survive. [263] His candidacy was revived by Calvin Hoffman in 1955 and, according to Shapiro, a recent surge in interest in the Marlowe case "may be a sign that the dominance of the Oxfordian camp may not extend much longer than the Baconian one". [165] In his multi-volume Sir Francis Bacon's Cipher Story (1893), he claimed to have discovered Bacon's autobiography embedded in Shakespeare's plays, including the revelation that Bacon was the secret son of Queen Elizabeth, thus providing more motivation to conceal his authorship from the public. The two books became an immediate sensation, particularly Delia Bacon's. Perfect for an in-person interview, or a written exchange via email or letter. [262] He was first proposed as the sole author of Shakespeare's "stronger plays" in 1895 by Wilbur G. [162] Instead of performing archival research, she sought to unearth buried manuscripts, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade a caretaker to open Bacon's tomb. And so on and so forth. [236], Baconians suggest that the great number of legal allusions in the Shakespeare canon demonstrate the author's expertise in the law. Its only theatrical reference—monetary gifts to fellow actors to buy mourning rings—was interlined after the will had been written, allowing suspicion to be cast on the authenticity of the bequests. [160], These arguments against Shakespeare's authorship were answered by academics. [203] Ogburn's efforts secured Oxford the place as the most popular alternative candidate. In a separate paper, Coin and Dubljević explored issues related to authenticity and machine-augmented intelligence. Ben Jonson wrote a short poem "To the Reader" commending the First Folio engraving of Shakespeare by Droeshout as a good likeness. The judge determined that ciphers identified by Fabyan's analysts proved that Francis Bacon was the author of the Shakespeare canon, awarding Fabyan $5,000 in damages. [35], Little is known of Shakespeare's personal life, and some anti-Stratfordians take this as circumstantial evidence against his authorship. Can I change the title and cover and have book re-ISBN’d with different publisher? [214] More than 1,200 signatures were collected by the end of 2007, and as of 23 April 2016, the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death and the self-imposed deadline, the document had been signed by 3,348 people, including 573 self-described current and former academics. This poem circulated very widely in manuscript and survives today in more than two dozen contemporary copies; several of these have a fuller, variant title "On Mr. William Shakespeare, he died in April 1616", which unambiguously specifies that the reference is to Shakespeare of Stratford. The result determined that none of the other tested claimants' work could have been written by Shakespeare, nor could Shakespeare have been written by them, eliminating all of the claimants whose known works have survived—including Oxford, Bacon, and Marlowe—as the true authors of the Shakespeare canon. His surname was spelled inconsistently in both literary and non-literary documents, with the most variation observed in those that were written by hand. The following [151], Shakespeare's authorship was first openly questioned in the pages of Joseph C. Hart's The Romance of Yachting (1848). Marlovians note that, despite Marlowe and Shakespeare being almost exactly the same age, the first work linked to the name William Shakespeare—Venus and Adonis—was on sale, with Shakespeare's name signed to the dedication, 13 days after Marlowe's reported death,[259] having been registered with the Stationers' Company on 18 April 1593 with no named author. Marlowe was the older by two months, and spent six and a half years at Cambridge University. Platt argued that the Latin word honorificabilitudinitatibus, found in Love's Labour's Lost, can be read as an anagram, yielding Hi ludi F. Baconis nati tuiti orbi ("These plays, the offspring of F. Bacon, are preserved for the world."). [71] The publication of the image failed to achieve its intended effect, and in 2005 Oxfordian Richard Kennedy proposed that the monument was originally built to honour John Shakespeare, William's father, who by tradition was a "considerable dealer in wool". Sophie (author) on April 04, 2012: Teens like all people need to be understood, I agree. [200] In 1974, membership in the society stood at 80. Do I need to change internal book by 20% or 50% to legally do this? [64], Alternative authorship theories generally reject the surface meaning of Elizabethan and Jacobean references to Shakespeare as a playwright. When asked their opinion of the topic, 61 per cent chose "A theory without convincing evidence" and 32 per cent chose "A waste of time and classroom distraction". Navigating the legal hurdles of publishing is now something authors must be concerned with. While information about some aspects of Shakespeare's life is sketchy, this is true of many other playwrights of the time. Examples of his poetry but none of his theatrical works survive. In addition, no document attests that he received an education or owned any books. The appearance of Shakespeare's six surviving authenticated[51] signatures, which they characterise as "an illiterate scrawl", is interpreted as indicating that he was illiterate or barely literate. The study disproved all claims that the works contain ciphers, and was condensed and published as The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (1957). [37][38], Shakespeare was born, brought up, and buried in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he maintained a household throughout the duration of his career in London. [227] In the early 1960s, Edward de Vere, Francis Bacon, Roger Manners, William Herbert and Mary Sidney were suggested as members of a group referred to as "The Oxford Syndicate". This lack of documentation is taken by many anti-Stratfordians as evidence that Shakespeare had little or no education. [170], In the 1920s Walter Conrad Arensberg became convinced that Bacon had willed the key to his cipher to the Rosicrucians. Authors are not often versed in the nuances of copyright law and may unwittingly find themselves on the wrong end of a copyright infringement conversation. Unless there is a compelling artistic reason to disparage a brand, creating a fictional brand would be prudent. However, understanding just a few legal topics means making more informed choices, avoiding potential liability, and being able to act quickly to protect your rights. One of the biggest changes is that unless you’re an A-list author you’re responsible for much more in the writing, editing, promoting, as well as publishing process than in the past. Derby's older brother, Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby, formed a group of players, the Lord Strange's Men, some of whose members eventually joined the King's Men, one of the companies most associated with Shakespeare. Unfortunately there isn’t a clear-cut statement of whether an author can or can not use an image or graphic found online through a basic browser search. Some authorship theorists argue that the figure originally portrayed a man clutching a sack of grain or wool that was later altered to help conceal the identity of the true author. Plays include references to grammar school curriculum using a brand name in negative... 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