Sample Size Dekker FW, Oral cephalosporins: focus on new agents. Guidelines for antimicrobial treatment of uncomplicated acute bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. A trial comparing low-dose, short-course ciprofloxacin and standard 7 day therapy with co-trimoxazole or nitrofurantoin in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Warren JW, Abrutyn E, Hebel JR, Johnson JR, Schaeffer AJ, Stamm WE.Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). This product is intended for intravenous administration only. To compare the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of a 5-day course of cefpodoxime proxetil (CPD) with that of a 10-day course of penicillin V (PNV) or amoxycillin—clavulanate (AMC) in recurrent pharyngitis in adults.
 et al. This drug has excellent oral absorption.

Naber KG, Allin DM, Clarysse L, Article Information The Cochrane Library, CD-Rom version. A functional classification scheme for beta-lactamases and its correlation with molecular structure. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Three hundred women were enrolled and randomized to receive either ciprofloxacin (n = 150) or cefpodoxime (n = 150) (Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 study groups except that more women in the cefpodoxime group had previous UTIs and pyelonephritis and fewer had less than 10The overall clinical cure rate with the intent-to-treat approach in which patients lost to follow-up were imputed as having clinical cure was 93% (139/150) for ciprofloxacin compared with 82% (123/150) for cefpodoxime (difference of 11%; 95% CI, 3%-18%) (Among women who reported no previous UTI in the past year before enrollment, the overall clinical cure rate was 96% (113/118) for ciprofloxacin and 83% (83/100) for cefpodoxime (difference of 13%; 95% CI, 5%-21%). Relationship between rates of antimicrobial consumption and the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Pocock SJ, Evans SJ.CONSORT Group.
Bartlett JG, Antimicrobial agents: penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics.

MacDougall C, Powell JP, Johnson CK, Edmond MB, Polk RE. A comparison of cephalosporins and penicillin, using penicillin V as the prototype, is presented in Fewer immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions; must be avoided in patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to penicillinBetter taste, which increases compliance in children; fewer gastrointestinal side effectsNarrower antibacterial spectrum; less likely to induce antimicrobial resistance; some penicillins cover anaerobes, Listeria, Enterococcus or Pseudomonas speciesFewer immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions; must be avoided in patients with a history of immediate hypersensitivity to penicillinBetter taste, which increases compliance in children; fewer gastrointestinal side effectsNarrower antibacterial spectrum; less likely to induce antimicrobial resistance; some penicillins cover anaerobes, Listeria, Enterococcus or Pseudomonas speciesKinetics allow once-daily or twice-daily dosing; convenience offset by significantly higher cost than other first-generation cephalosporinsExtensive clinical experience with its use; well tolerated; good pharmacokineticsSimilar properties as cephalexin, but not as widely usedMay cause serum sickness–like syndrome; absorption decreased by food; of second-generation cephalosporins, has highest incidence of Parenteral form available (cefuroxime sodium [Zinacef]); absorption enhanced by food; only second-generation agent labeled for the treatment of urinary tract infectionsOral suspension better absorbed than tablets (therefore, less likely to cause diarrhea); single oral dose indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrheaOf the third-generation agents, provide best coverage of penicillin-sensitive Pneumococcus and methicillin-sensitive Kinetics allow once-daily or twice-daily dosing; convenience offset by significantly higher cost than other first-generation cephalosporinsExtensive clinical experience with its use; well tolerated; good pharmacokineticsSimilar properties as cephalexin, but not as widely usedMay cause serum sickness–like syndrome; absorption decreased by food; of second-generation cephalosporins, has highest incidence of Parenteral form available (cefuroxime sodium [Zinacef]); absorption enhanced by food; only second-generation agent labeled for the treatment of urinary tract infectionsOral suspension better absorbed than tablets (therefore, less likely to cause diarrhea); single oral dose indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrheaOf the third-generation agents, provide best coverage of penicillin-sensitive Pneumococcus and methicillin-sensitive The first-generation cephalosporins include cefadroxil (Duricef), cephalexin (Keflex) and cephradine (Velosef), which are similar drugs.

Dosages of these agents should be decreased in patients with severe renal failure.Cefadroxil, cephalexin and cephradine are effective in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections caused by Streptococcus species and methicillin-sensitive The good urinary concentrations of first-generation cephalosporins make them second-line agents (after quinolone antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [Bactrim, Septra]) for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by susceptible gram-negative organisms, although they are not effective against Pseudomonas or Enterococcus species. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Evidence in the literature supports the selection of amoxicillin as first-line antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media. Their relative safety in pregnancy makes them a reasonable alternative for the treatment of urinary tract infections in pregnant women.Cefadroxil, cephalexin and cephradine may be used to treat streptococcal pharyngitis in patients with delayed-reaction penicillin allergy. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents.